Insulin - Insulin structure, mechanism, production, effects
May 2, 2008
Insulin discovery and actions
INSULIN is a hormone with extensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg, vascular compliance). When present, it causes most of the body’s cells to take up glucose from the blood (including liver, muscle, and fat tissue cells), storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle, and stops use of fat as an energy source. When insulin is absent (or low), glucose is not taken up by most body cells and the body begins to use fat as an energy source (ie, transfer of lipids from adipose tissue to the liver for mobilization as an energy source). As its level is a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). It has several other anabolic effects throughout the body. When control of insulin levels fail, diabetes mellitus results.
INSULIN, by itself, is not an effective anabolic. (If it were, diabetics such as Mary Tyler Moore would be huge.)
Mechanism of Insulin
Insulin is produced in the pancreas, and released when any of several stimuli are detected. These include protein ingestion, and glucose in the blood (from food which produces glucose when digested — characteristically this is carbohydrate, though not all types produce glucose and so an increase in blood glucose levels). In target cells, they initiate a signal transduction which has the effect of increasing glucose uptake and storage. Finally, insulin is degraded, terminating the response.
Insulin, in combination with androgen and resistance exercise, may trigger maturation of satellite cells (small, more or less useless cells that are held in reserve, which do not contribute to muscular strength) into mature muscle cells. The advanced steroid user may have plateau’d in that respect, and adding insulin can give new gains.
I don’t think anyone knows whether short or long acting is more effective for building muscle. They seem to be about equally effective. A problem with long acting appears if it would continue acting while asleep: one might die if insufficient carbs had been taken.
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